Social Security Administration SSI payout amounts for 2012:

Payment reduction
Remember, these payouts are lowered depending on your countable income each year. If you are thinking of applying for disability benefits click for a free consultation or call 1-800-596-1533.

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Well, the rule is clear. You will have to pay federal taxes on your Social Security benefits if you file a federal tax return as an individual and your total income is more than $25,000.  If you file a joint return, you will have to pay taxes if you and your spouse have a total income of more than $32,000.  (see SSA.GOV)

What does this mean for the ordinary person receiving SSI / SSDI benefits? Well it all depends on whether you have other substantial income. This is what the Social Security Administrations has to say about taxes and SSD Benefits:

Some people have to pay federal income taxes on their Social Security benefits. This usually happens only if you have other substantial income (such as wages, self-employment, interest, dividends and other taxable income that must be reported on your tax return) in addition to your benefits.

No one pays federal income tax on more than 85 percent of his or her Social Security benefits based on Internal Revenue Service (IRS) rules. If you:

• file a federal tax return as an “individual” and yourcombined income* is
  • between $25,000 and $34,000, you may have to pay income tax on up to 50 percent of your benefits.
  • more than $34,000, up to 85 percent of your benefits may be taxable.
• file a joint return, and you and your spouse have acombined income* that is
  • between $32,000 and $44,000, you may have to pay income tax on up to 50 percent of your benefits
  • more than $44,000, up to 85 percent of your benefits may be taxable.
• are married and file a separate tax return, you probably will pay taxes on your benefits.

If you do have to pay taxes on your Social Security benefits, you can make quarterly estimated tax payments to the IRS or choose to have federal taxes withheld from your benefits.Each January you will receive a Social Security Benefit Statement(Form SSA-1099) showing the amount of benefits you received in the previous year. You can use this Benefit Statement when you complete your federal income tax return to find out if your benefits are subject to tax.

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Can my daughter and/or son get disability benefits if they are disabled?

The only Social Security disability program that addresses disability for children is called SSI and it is resources based. That is, your income affects whether your child is eligible for benefits. For the income levels see: Does my income affect my child’s disability payments?

Ok, so you reviewed the income chart and you are now asking yourself, now what? Well, first go to your local Social Security Field Office and set-up an interview time. During the interview SSA will obtain a narrative from you regarding the timeline of your child’s medical history. For instance, you will be able to go into great detail regarding your child’s disability (e.g. diagnosis of high functioning autism or ADHD ). At this appointment you will provide address of the child’s treating physicians, telephone numbers, facilities, clinics, hospitals, and treatment dates.
Next the claim is reviewed by your state’s disability-processing agency for processing. If enough evidence is acquired from your child’s treatment notes then the BDD or DDS will make a decision without sending your child to a consultative exam with a physician.

Once a favorable decision is reached, your local Social Security office will contact you to make an appointment to review your income and resources in order to compare your income to the allowance chart in order to make sure that your income still qualifies your child to receive benefits.

In the unfortunate event that your child’s benefits are denied, call 1-800-596-1533 for a free attorney consultation.

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Workers’ compensation pays benefits to employees who suffer an injury at work or experience a work-related illness. Benefits for workers’ compensation include medical treatment and money for the partial replacement of lost wages. For an employee who cannot work while recovering from an injury or work-related illness, workers’ compensation can pay temporary total disability benefits. In cases in which the injury or work-related illness has long-term or permanent consequences, an employee can receive permanent disability benefits. When an employee dies as the result of an injury or work-related illness, then the employee’s dependents can receive survivor benefits. In general, workers’ compensation is a program run by state governments.

Similarly, Social Security Disability Insurance (“SSDI”) provides benefits to insured workers with disabilities, or in other words, to those who: (1) have been employed for at least five of the last ten years; (2) have paid FICA (“Federal Insurance Contributions Act”) taxes; and (3) have a “disability” as the Social Security Administration defines the term. A disability, for purposes of Social Security, is a serious medical condition that lasts (or has lasted) for more than a year and prevents someone from being gainfully employed. In addition, SSDI will provide benefits to the disabled children of insured workers, so long as the children became disabled before they reached the age of 22, as well as to the disabled surviving spouses of insured workers who have died. Generally, SSDI is administered by the federal government.

A person can receive workers’ compensation and SSDI benefits at the same time, but workers’ compensation benefits might reduce the amount of SSDI benefits. Under the Social Security Administration’s rules, a person who receives workers’ compensation benefits and Social Security disability benefits at the same time may not receive combined benefits that amount to more than 80 percent of the person’s average current earnings before the person became disabled. For example, if a person earned $4,000.00 per month before becoming disabled, then the person would be eligible to receive $2,200.00 per month in SSDI benefits after becoming disabled. If that same person were also to receive $2,000.00 per month in benefits from workers’ compensation, then the person’s SSDI benefits would be reduced to $200.00 per month to comply with the Social Security Administration’s 80 percent rule.

If you have a current or potential worker’s compensation claim and are interested in applying for SSDI benefits, or if you simply want to be sure that you are receiving the maximum SSDI benefits for which you are eligible, then you should consider speaking with an attorney who has experience with Social Security law in order to minimize the off-set. Call the Nationwide Law Offices of John T. Nicholson at 1-800-596-1533 for a free consultation today.

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The Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (“CMS”) has administrative responsibility for Medicare and Medicaid. Medicare is
a national health insurance program serving U.S. citizens (and permanent residents) who have reached at least age 65, as well those younger than 65 who have certain disabilities, permanent kidney failure or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (“ALS,” commonly known as Lou Gehrig’s disease). Medicare comes in four types.

1. Part A (hospital insurance). Medicare Part A helps to pay for the cost of inpatient care in hospitals and skilled nursing facilities—including care in critical access hospitals, but excluding custodial and long-term care in nursing facilities. Although the other types of Medicare usually require payment of a monthly premium, payroll taxes and self-employment taxes cover premiums for Medicare Part A in most cases.

2. Part B (medical insurance). Medicare Part B helps to pay for the cost of doctors’ services and outpatient care; in addition, it helps to pay for the cost of some of the services provided by physical and occupational therapists, as well as some of the cost of home health care. Those whose Medicare Part A premiums are covered by payroll or self-employment taxes may enroll in Part B. Coverage under Part B generally requires payment of a monthly premium.

3. Part C (Medicare Advantage plans). Those insured under Medicare Parts A and B can choose to enroll in a Medicare Part C, or “Medicare Advantage,” plan. Medicare Advantage plans, which must be approved by Medicare, are offered by private insurers. The coverage provided under these plans must be at least as good as what Medicare provides, but coverage otherwise varies from insurer to insurer. Medicare pays private insurers a specified amount each month for every Medicare Advantage member. Coverage under Medicare Advantage requires payment of a monthly premium for Medicare Part B, as well as a monthly premium for the private insurer.

4. Medicare Part D (prescription drug coverage). Medicare Part D helps to pay for the cost of prescription drugs. Those insured under Medicare Part A, Medicare Part B or Medicare Part C (Medicare Advantage) may choose to enroll in Part D. Medicare Part D generally requires payment of a monthly premium.

Medicaid is two programs that provide disability benefits: Social Security Disability Insurance (“SSDI”) and Supplemental Security Income (“SSI”). SSDI provides benefits to insured workers with disabilities, or in other words, those who: (1) have been employed for at least five of the last ten years; (2) have paid FICA (“Federal Insurance Contributions Act”) taxes; and (3) have a “disability” as the Social Security Administration defines the term. A disability, for purposes of Social Security, is a serious medical condition that lasts (or has lasted) for more than a year and prevents someone from being gainfully employed. In addition, SSDI will provide benefits to the disabled children of insured workers, so long as the children became disabled before they reached the age of 22, as well as to the disabled surviving spouses of insured workers who have died.

SSI, on the other hand, pays benefits to disabled adults and children who have little or no income, or other financial resources. The program also provides benefits to adults without disabilities who are age 65 or older and whose financial means fall within the applicable limits.

Someone who receives SSDI benefits, or who is eligible to receive SSDI benefits, is also eligible to receive Medicare at the same time. Eligibility for Medicare begins after a waiting period of 24 months from the first date of eligibility for SSDI. For those with kidney disease who are on dialysis, however, the waiting period is reduced to three months from the date on which they began receiving dialysis. Medicare eligibility begins immediately for those with a terminal illness expected to cause death within six months, as well as for those with ALS. Those over age 65 are generally not eligible to receive SSDI benefits.

Likewise, eligibility for SSI and Medicare is also possible. Those under age 65 can receive SSI and Medicare benefits at the same time as long as they satisfy the eligibility requirements of both programs. For those age 65 and over, eligibility for Medicare is essentially automatic, and they can receive SSI benefits if their financial means are within the limits established under the Social Security Administration’s rules.

Eligibility for Medicaid often varies according to state law. In Ohio, children up to age 19; families with children under age 19; pregnant women; those with disabilities; and those over age 65 are eligible to receive Medicaid benefits if they meet certain financial requirements. Ohio residents under 65 who qualify for Medicaid can receive SSDI benefits, as well, if they qualify for SSDI under the rules of the Social Security Administration. Those over age 65 are usually not eligible to receive SSDI benefits.

Medicaid and SSI are similar programs inasmuch as they serve those with limited financial means. Ohio residents who have qualified to receive SSI benefits under the Social Security Administration’s rules can also qualify to receive Medicaid benefits if they qualify based on the rules established by the Ohio Department of Job and Family Services.

Although the receipt of benefits through all four of these programs is technically possible, the eligibility rules can be complicated—especially for receiving benefits from multiple programs at once. Furthermore, applications for disability benefits are often denied at first. If you think that you might be eligible to receive Social Security disability benefits, or if your application for benefits has been denied, then you should speak with a lawyer, like John T. Nicholson, who focuses on Social Security law.

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As with most law related questions the answer is maybe. Unfortunately, the rules for SSI claims are quite different from SSDI claims in situations where the claimant dies before a ruling is made on their application for benefits.  The rules are as follows.

Benefits may be paid to the surviving spouse if the surviving spouse was living at the time of death or within six months proceeding the month of death.

OR

Benefits may be paid to the parents of a disabled or blind child who was living with the parent or parents at the time of death or within six months proceeding the month of death.

If one of the above conditions does not apply then SSI benefits dies with the claimant, that is, no one gets paid SSI benefits.

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Can I receive Social Security disability benefits for having problems with drugs or alcohol?

Someone can receive Social Security disability benefits despite having a problem with drugs or alcohol, but not solely on the basis of the drug or alcohol problem itself. Since 1996, those with drug or alcohol addictions are not eligible to receive Social Security disability benefits if their drug or alcohol addictions are their only disabilities. On the other hand, if they would have disabilities even without problems with drugs or alcohol, then they could still qualify for benefits.

In general, a “disability” as defined by the Social Security Administration is a serious medical condition that has lasted (or will last) for at least one year, and prevents someone from being gainfully employed. Although a drug or alcohol addiction might seem to satisfy this definition, the Social Security Administration’s rules state that drug or alcohol addiction—by itself—is not a qualifying disability. Specifically, those who have problems with drugs or alcohol that are contributing factors “material” to their disabilities will not be found eligible by the Social Security Administration to receive disability benefits.

A drug or alcohol addiction is “material” to a person’s disability if the person would not be disabled but for the use of drugs or alcohol. In other words, those who would not be disabled if they completely stopped using drugs or alcohol are generally not eligible for Social Security disability benefits because their use of drugs or alcohol is “material.” For example, if a person suffers from chronic liver disease and abuses alcohol, then the person would probably not be found disabled by the Social Security Administration if the cessation of alcohol use would result in the improvement of the person’s condition. If, however, the person’s condition were so advanced that cessation of alcohol use would not result in any significant improvement, then the person could be eligible for disability benefits. In the latter case, the person’s alcohol use would not be “material.” The distinction becomes somewhat more difficult to prove in the case of mental, as opposed to physical, disabilities.

If you have been denied a claim for Social Security disability benefits on the basis of drug or alcohol problems, then you should speak with an attorney who focuses on Social Security law. An attorney can explain what you have to prove to establish your eligibility for benefits, and can help you obtain the benefits you need.  Call or click here for a free online consultation with John T. Nicholson.

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If the Veterans Administration determines that I am disabled, will the Social Security Administration also find that I am disabled?

The Veterans Administration (“VA”) and the Social Security Administration (“SSA”) have their own, independent rules for determining whether someone is disabled for purposes of receiving disability benefits. Under the VA’s guidelines, someone who is not completely disabled can qualify for disability benefits. In other words, the VA recognizes partial disabilities (in terms of percentages) as well as total disabilities.

The SSA, however, generally recognizes only total disabilities. Under the SSA’s guidelines, a disability is a serious medical condition (mental or physical) that has lasted (or will last) for at least one year and prevents a person from engaging in any substantial, gainful activity. This definition incorporates not only the type of disability (for example, post-traumatic stress disorder or chronic heart failure) but also the extent or severity of the disability. As a result, someone could have a type of disability recognized by the SSA, but nevertheless not be eligible for Social Security disability benefits if the severity of the disability were found to be insufficient. A mental or physical condition severe enough to qualify as a disability under the SSA’s rules would likely be considered at least a 90% disability under the VA’s rules.

At the same time, a determination by the VA that someone is disabled does not necessarily mean that the SSA will also make the same determination. For example, even if the VA determines that someone is 90% or 100% disabled, the SSA does not automatically reach the same conclusion. The SSA requires that everyone who applies for disability benefits must submit medical documentation to prove the type and severity of their medical condition. Under the SSA’s regulations, only documentation provided by certain physicians is sufficient to establish that someone has a qualifying disability. The SSA does consider other evidence, such as a person’s own statements or disability evaluations by other government agencies, but the SSA only considers the other evidence for purposes of judging the extent or severity of a disability.

A disability determination from the VA can be useful for purposes of applying for Social Security disability benefits, but it will not be binding on the SSA. In many cases, a 90% or a 100% disability finding by the VA will go a long way towards proving a disability to the SSA, but it will probably not—by itself—be enough to establish a disability under the SSA’s rules. If the VA has determined that you are disabled and you have questions about how that could help you qualify for Social Security disability benefits, then you should consult an attorney familiar with Social Security law.

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Can I get Social Security disability benefits if I am disabled but have never worked?

The Social Security Administration runs two programs that provide disability benefits: Social Security Disability Insurance (“SSDI”) and Supplemental Security Income (“SSI”). SSDI provides benefits to: (1) disabled workers who worked for five out of the last 10 years, called “insured workers” by the Social Security Administration; (2) the disabled children of insured workers, as long as the children became disabled before they reached the age of 22; and (3) the disabled surviving spouses of deceased insured workers. SSI pays benefits to disabled adults and children who have little or no income, or other financial resources; it also provides benefits to adults without disabilities who are over 65 and whose financial means are under certain limits.

Whether someone with a disability who has never worked can receive Social Security disability benefits depends upon the circumstances. For someone who has never worked and became disabled after reaching age 22, SSDI benefits would not be available. SSDI benefits could be available, however, to either a disabled child of an insured worker, as long as the child became disabled before reaching age 22; or, to the disabled surviving spouse of a deceased insured worker. Neither disabled children, nor disabled surviving spouses, have to satisfy the SSDI work requirement on their own.

SSI benefits, on the other hand, could be available to someone who has never worked, regardless of age. The reason that SSI could be available to someone ineligible for SSDI is that eligibility for SSI is based only on disability and financial means. Therefore, someone with a disability who has never worked can qualify for SSI benefits.

In order to qualify for either program, applicants must prove that they have a “disability” under the Social Security Administration’s rules (with the exception of those age 65 or over who apply for SSI benefits). With respect to adults, a “disability” is a serious medical condition that has lasted (or will last) for at least one year, and prevents someone from being gainfully employed. With respect to children, a “disability” is a serious medical condition that causes severe functional limitations and can either be expected to cause death, or be expected to last for at least one year.

Qualifying for either program can be difficult. The Social Security Administration often finds that applicants are not disabled, and proving a disability would be critical for someone who has never worked and would only be eligible for SSI benefits. If you are disabled and have never worked, then you should speak with an attorney who understands the Social Security Administration’s disability rules and can help you understand how to qualify.  Complete our free online consultation form today.

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Recently a bankruptcy attorney working at the Nicholson Law Center mentioned that she had been searching the internet for information about Social Security and had found an “acquiescence ruling.” Although the term “acquiesence ruling” is unfamiliar to many (if not most) Social Security recipients, they can sometimes have a significant impact on the process of applying for (and being approved or denied for) Social Security benefits. The following hypothetical example illustrates what an acquiescence ruling is, and the effect that a ruling could have on the policies and procedures of the Social Security Administration.

Imagine that Augustus “Gus” Hand is 45 years old and has worked continuously for the last 10 years at an auto parts factory near Dayton, Ohio. Gus has multiple sclerosis, and until recently, he had managed his condition and remained able to work as the result of certain therapies prescribed by his doctors. Over the last several months, Gus’s condition has grown worse and forced him to stop working.

Because Gus cannot return to his factory job, and because he is now physically unable to take any other gainful employment, Gus decides to apply for Social Security Disability Insurance (“SSDI”) benefits. In order to qualify for SSDI benefits, Gus must establish: (1) that he has been employed for at least five of the last ten years; (2) that he has paid FICA (“Federal Insurance Contributions Act”) taxes; and (3) that he is “disabled” as the Social Security Administration defines it. According to the applicable definition, Gus would be disabled if he is unable do the work that he used to do; if he is unable to adjust to other work as the result of his medical condition; and if his medical condition has lasted for a minimum of one year (or is expected to last for a minimum of one year).

Based on the Social Security Administration’s guidelines, Gus qualifies for SSDI because: (1) he was employed for all 10 of the last 10 years; (2) he was a full-time, regular employee, meaning that FICA taxes were automatically deducted from every paycheck he received; and (3) his medical condition qualifies as a disability under the rules of the Social Security Administration. Gus submits his application for SSDI benefits. He researched eligibility for SSDI before completing the application, so he fully expects that he will be approved to receive benefits.

Much to Gus’s surprise, however, his application is denied. Gus has the right to appeal the denial, however. Gus hires an attorney who focuses on Social Security law to represent him throughout the appeal process.

In Ohio, the first step in the SSDI appeal process is a review by the Bureau of Disability Determinations (“BDD”). BDD analyzes the medical documentation that Gus provided with his application and, in this case, instructs Gus to have an independent physical examination. In Gus’s case, BDD decides that the initial denial was correct. Gus decides to proceed with the next step, the “Reconsideration”.

In the second step, Gus and his attorney appear at a hearing before an administrative law judge. The administrative law judge is an employee of the Social Security Administration with detailed knowledge of the applicable laws and regulations. Gus’s attorney argues his case before the judge, explaining that Gus is entitled to receive SSDI benefits under the official guidelines. A representative of the Social Security Administration also appears at the hearing to argue in favor of BDD’s decision. As happens in many cases, the administrative law judge upholds the determination of BDD and denies Gus’s claim for benefits. Gus refuses to give up, however, and continues his appeal to the next step.

In the third step, Gus’s attorney submits a legal brief on Gus’s behalf to the Social Security Appeal Council. Likewise, the Social Security Administration submits a brief in support of the administrative law judge’s decision. The Appeal Council reviews the briefs submitted by both sides and issues an opinion upholding the administrative law judge’s decision.

At this point, Gus can accept the Appeal Council’s decision, or he can appeal to the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Ohio, which is the federal trial court responsible for hearing cases in the part of Ohio where Gus lives. Gus decides to take his case to court.

In the U.S. District Court, Gus’s attorney argues Gus’s case to a federal judge. The attorney explains that the Social Security Administration’s own rules, along with applicable federal laws and regulations, indicate that Gus is entitled to SSDI benefits. A lawyer for the Social Security Administration also presents his case to the judge, arguing that the Appeal Council reached the correct decision. The federal judge rules in favor of the Social Security Administration, so Gus appeals his case to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit, which is the federal appeals court responsible for reviewing the decisions of a group of federal courts that includes the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Ohio.

The proceedings in the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals are similar to those in the District Court, except that a panel of three judges hears the arguments and issues a decision. Finally, Gus prevails, and the Sixth Circuit issues a decision stating that Gus is entitled to receive SSDI benefits. In its decision, the Sixth Circuit also makes a modification to one of the guidelines applicable to BDD’s evaluation of claims for SSDI benefits.

As the result of the outcome of Gus’s case before the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals, the Social Security Administration sends instructions to BDD that explain what BDD must do in order to comply with the Sixth Circuit’s decision. Basically, these instructions are an “acquiescence ruling.”

Of course, very few SSDI appeals last as long as the example. Most applications for SSDI benefits are denied, and BDD only rarely overturns an initial denial. As a result, many appeals reach an administrative law judge. If your application for SSDI benefits has been denied and you want to exercise your legal right to appeal that denial, then talk with an attorney, like John T. Nicholson, who practices Social Security law.

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Social Security benefits generally come in two forms: Social Security disability benefits, and Social Security retirement benefits. Those who have recently been employed and paid Social Security taxes, and who are unable to work because of a serious medical condition that will last for at least one year, are potentially eligible to receive Social Security disability benefits. Those who have reached at least age 62, and who have worked for 10 years and paid Social Security taxes, are potentially eligible to receive Social Security retirement benefits.

Supplemental Security Income (“SSI”) is a related, but technically separate, program administered by the Social Security Administration. Those who have reached at least age 65, or who are blind or disabled, and whose income and resources are below certain limits, are potentially eligible to receive SSI benefits.

For those receiving Social Security or SSI benefits, their benefits will probably not be affected if they are admitted to prison for a continuous period of fewer than 30 days because of a conviction for a criminal offense. On the other hand, for those admitted to prison for a continuous period of more than 30 days, their benefits will likely be suspended. Benefits to spouses and children, however, will probably not be suspended, so long as they remain eligible under the Social Security Administration’s rules.

Those whose Social Security benefits are suspended during a prison sentence of more than 30 days can have their benefits reinstated beginning one month after the month in which they are released. For example, if Paul Prisoner served a six-month sentence in the Dayton Correctional Institution and were released on June 5, 2011, then his benefits could be reinstated beginning in July, 2011.

Those whose SSI benefits are suspended during a prison sentence of more than 30 days can have their benefits reinstated beginning in the same month that they are released. They will lose their eligibility, however, if their sentence lasts for 12 or more consecutive months; when they are released, they must submit a new application for SSI benefits. For example, if Ivan Inmate served a six-month sentence in the Dayton Correctional Institution and were released on June 5, 2011, then his benefits could be reinstated during the same month. He would receive partial benefits for June, 2011, and full benefits beginning in July, 2011. If Ivan served a sentence of 15 months, on the other hand, then he would have to submit a new application for benefits upon his release.

For those who were not receiving either Social Security or SSI benefits before they were admitted to prison, their eligibility following release is unaffected. In other words, when they were released from prison, they would apply for benefits like anyone else. If you have questions about how serving a prison sentence might affect your ability to receive Social Security or SSI benefits, then talk to a lawyer who is familiar with Social Security law. You might even be able to start the process of reinstating your benefits, or applying for benefits, before you are released.

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Members of the U.S. military, as well as civilian personnel and civilian contractors working for the military, often worry that declaring bankruptcy could result in the loss of their security clearances. Although declaring bankruptcy could possibly affect a security clearance, the good news is that this is not automatic.

Suppose that a Staff Sergeant is stationed at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base (near Dayton, Ohio). He is being considered for reassignment to a new unit, and as a result, the Air Force has initiated a security clearance background investigation into the Staff Sergeant character and conduct. An adjudicator will inquire about the Staff Sergeant’s criminal background and financial responsibility (including credit history), as well as his personal attributes, such as honesty, loyalty, reliability and trustworthiness. Bankruptcy, of course, relates to an analysis of financial responsibility.

The adjudicator will consider the circumstances of Staff Sergeant’s bankruptcy when deciding how much of an impact—if any—it should have on the decision about his security clearance. For example, if the Staff Sergeant declared bankruptcy to avoid the debts he accumulated as the result of his compulsive gambling, then the bankruptcy would likely have a negative impact on his security clearance. On the other hand, if Staff Sergeant Nelson’s debts resulted from a sudden medical emergency or other unexpected event, then the bankruptcy might have little or no impact on his security clearance. In other words, the fact that Staff Sergeant Nelson declared bankruptcy is probably less important than the reasons he got into debt in the first place and how he tried to manage that debt prior to filing his bankruptcy petition.

If you are a member of the U.S. military and are considering bankruptcy, then you should consider speaking with an attorney who focuses on bankruptcy law. Your attorney can help you through the bankruptcy process and can explain the circumstances of the bankruptcy to your commanding officer and investigative personnel, pointing out that bankruptcy is a full, legal discharge of all your debts. In many cases, bankruptcy is the most financially responsible means of dealing with your debts.  Call 1-800-596-1533 for a free consultation from an experienced Ohio Bankruptcy Attorney.

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Disabled children can qualify for benefits under the Supplemental Security Income (“SSI”) program, which is administered by the Social Security Administration, depending: (1) on the nature of their disabilities; (2) on how much income they have (if any); and (3) on their available resources. Children’s “available resources” include the income (and assets) of their parents and guardians. Therefore, many parents and guardians of disabled children wonder how much income they can have before their children no longer qualify for SSI benefits.

The Social Security Administration (“SSA”) defines a child as someone who is not married; is not head of a household; and is under age 18, or is under age 22 and regularly attending school. This discussion only applies to SSI benefits for disabled children, as the SSA defines the terms “disabled” and “children.”

1. Nature of disability. According to the definition established by the applicable laws and regulations, a child is “disabled” if the child “has a medically determinable physical or mental impairment, which results in marked and severe functional limitations, and which can be expected to result in death or which has lasted or can be expected to last for a continuous period of not less than 12 months.” In other words, a child is disabled for purposes of SSI benefits if the child has a very serious medical condition that will last (or has lasted) for at least one year. For example, a child who suffers from cystic fibrosis could qualify for SSI benefits. A child with a minor broken leg, but who did not otherwise have a serious medical condition, would probably not qualify.

2. Child’s income (if any). In terms of a child’s income, a child may not earn more than $1,000.00 per month from employment and still qualify to receive SSI benefits (in 2011; the limit on a child’s total monthly income changes every year). On the other hand, a child who is unemployed, or who is employed but earns less than $1,000.00 per month (in 2011), would meet the income limit.

3. Income and resources (i.e. assets) of parents or guardians. The determination of a child’s eligibility to receive SSI benefits also takes into account

Income, in this context, comes in two varieties: “earned income” and “unearned income.” Earned income consists of “wages from employment, net earnings from self-employment, certain royalties and honoraria, and sheltered workshop payments.” Unearned income consists of money received from other sources, “such as Social Security benefits, pensions, state disability payments, unemployment benefits, interest income, and cash from friends and relatives.” Some income is exempt and does not count toward the applicable limits. The following chart illustrates the income limits currently applicable in many (but not all) circumstances.

By “resources,” the SSA essentially means property. For instance, resources include bank accounts, cash, life insurance, real estate, stocks, U.S. savings bonds, vehicles and other property belonging to a child’s parents or guardians that could be exchanged for cash and used for food or shelter. Some resources, such as a home, household goods and personal effects, and money in pension funds, are exempt and do not count toward the applicable limits. Currently, the applicable resource limit (for non-exempt resources) is $2,000 for a single parent or guardian, and $3,000.00 for a couple.

To summarize: A disabled child’s eligibility for SSI benefits depends upon the nature of the child’s disability, the amount of income that the child earns (if any), and the income and resources available to the child—including resources available through parents and guardians. Regarding the resources of parents and guardians, the limits vary from case to case depending on the circumstances. The income limits listed in the foregoing chart, and the resource limits discussed above, might or might not apply in a specific situation because of the many rules and regulations, as well as exemptions, that govern SSI eligibility for disabled children. If you are the parent or guardian of a disabled child and would like to learn more about SSI eligibility, then talk with a lawyer with experience dealing with Social Security issues.

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The parents of an autistic child recently asked me whether their child could be eligible to receive Social Security disability benefits. Generally, autism qualifies as a disability for Social Security purposes. Whether a specific child qualifies, however, depends upon the severity of the child’s condition.

The Social Security Administration’s definition of the term “disability,” for children under age 18, is “a medically determinable physical or mental impairment or combination of impairments that causes marked and severe functional limitations, and that can be expected to cause death or that has lasted or can be expected to last for a continuous period of not less than 12 months.” Autism, or “Autistic Disorder” as it is called by the Social Security Administration (“SSA”), appears on the SSA’s Listing of Impairments. As the SSA puts it, the Listing of Impairments “describes, for each major body system, impairments considered severe enough” to satisfy the SSA’s definition of the term “disability.”

Listing 112.10 is “Autistic Disorder and Other Pervasive Developmental Disorders,” which are described as “[c]haracterized by qualitative deficits in the development of reciprocal social interaction, in the development of verbal and nonverbal communication skills, and in imaginative activity.” According to this entry in the Listing of Impairments, the “required level of severity” for an autistic child to qualify for disability benefits is met when the child exhibits: (a) qualitative deficits in the development of reciprocal social interaction; (b) qualitative deficits in verbal and nonverbal communication and in imaginative activity; (c) a markedly restricted repertoire of activities and interests; and (d) for “older infants and toddlers (age 1 to attainment of age 3), resulting in at least one of the appropriate age-group criteria in paragraph B1” of Listing 112.02; “or, for children (age 3 to attainment of age 18), resulting in at least two of the appropriate age-group criteria in paragraph B2 of” Listing 112.02.

The SSA applies a five-step disability analysis to make the determination of whether someone is officially disabled. Although autism appears on the Listing of Impairments, the SSA will still require that documentation be submitted as part of an application for disability benefits. Additionally, the SSA may require that an applicant receive an independent medical examination.

Parents of autistic children can encounter problems applying for Social Security disability benefits on behalf of their children, even though autism appears on the Listing of Impairments. In some cases, the SSA denies such applications. If you are the parent or guardian of an autistic child and have questions, or if the SSA has denied an application for benefits on behalf of your child, then you should talk with an attorney who focuses on Social Security disability issues.  Contact the Law Offices of John T. Nicholson today to schedule free consultation.

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If your claim for Social Security disability benefits has been denied and you want to appeal, then you might be thinking of hiring a lawyer. Although preparing, filing, documenting and appealing a claim for Social Security disability benefits can be expensive and time-consuming, the good news is that you might not have to pay anything unless your lawyer recovers benefits for you.

Many disability lawyers, such as John T. Nicholson, work on contingency. For example, suppose that  a disability attorney with offices in Cincinnati, Columbus, Dayton and Springfield, Ohio takes on a new client whose initial application for Social Security benefits was denied by the Social Security Administration (“SSA”). The client has very little money, so the attorney agrees to work on contingency. This means that the attorney charges no up-front payment and no monthly or installment payments. Instead, the attoney’s fee will be paid from whatever benefits she recovers for her client. If the attorney does not recover any benefits for her client, then her client owes her nothing (the attorney’s client might have to pay for expenses along the way, such as photocopying of records).

Furthermore, the SSA has established strict rules about how, and how much, disability lawyers may be paid—even if they are working on contingency. For any contingency fee agreement made after June 22, 2009, a disability lawyer may only be paid 25% of past-due benefits or $6,000.00, whichever is less.

Suppose that Attorney’s new client had filed an application for Social Security disability benefits. The SSA denied the application, so the client hired Attorney to handle the appeal. If Attorney wins the appeal, then her client will receive disability benefits not only from that point onward, but also retroactively from the date on which the SSA determines that Attorney’s client officially became disabled. In other words, a successful appeal means that the client would receive future disability benefits and past-due disability benefits. Because Attorney represented his client on contingency, under the SSA’s rules she would receive 25% of the past-due benefits she won for her client, up to a maximum of $6,000.00.

The appeal described in the example would be heard by the SSA itself, not in a regular court of law (an example of a court of law is the Montgomery County Common Pleas Court, or the Dayton Municipal Court). Different rules apply to attorney’s fees in other kinds of cases. For instance, cases in state or federal courts of law are not subject to the same rules. Also, some cases involving overpayments (i.e. the SSA mistakenly pays more benefits than it owes to someone) are not subject to the 25% or $6,000.00 limit.

This discussion of attorney’s fees in Social Security disability cases is a simplified example. The SSA has established detailed rules that include exceptions which might apply in your case. In addition, not all disability lawyers work on contingency. If you want to appeal a denial of an application for Social Security disability benefits, or if you simply have questions about Social Security, then you should speak with a lawyer who focuses on Social Security law by filling out our free consultation form.

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In Social Security parlance, the term “residual functional capacity” refers to the remaining abilities of someone who has a disability, after taking the disability into account. For example, imagine that you were paralyzed from the waist down and could not walk. The Code of Federal Regulations would define your residual functional capacity as “the most you can still do despite your limitations.” 20 C.F.R. § 416.945 (2010).

The term “residual functional capacity” also refers to a pair of forms, one for assessing mental residual functional capacity, and one for assessing physical residual functional capacity. When someone files an application seeking Social Security Disability Insurance (“SSDI”) or Supplemental Security Income (“SSI”) on the basis of a disability, Disability Determination Services (a network of local Social Security Administration field offices and state agencies) evaluates the applicant’s residual functional capacity using these forms.

Suppose that Nathan Bonaparte, who lives in Beavercreek, Ohio, has been blinded permanently as the result of an accident at work. If he decided to apply for SSDI benefits, then he could apply online, by mail, by telephone or in person at a Social Security Administration field office. His application would be evaluated by an examiner working for the Social Security Administration. The examiner would evaluate Nathan’s application based on non-medical eligibility requirements, such as age, employment, marital status and so on. After that, Nathan’s application would next be reviewed by Disability Determination Services (“DDS”).

DDS would then make the initial determination of whether Nathan qualified as disabled for purposes of SSDI benefits. To make this determination, DDS would rely on the medical information provided by Nathan and, depending on whether Nathan provided sufficient documentation, on a consultative examination conducted by physicians working for DDS. Although Nathan’s disability might not automatically qualify him to receive SSDI benefits, DDS might determine that he qualified as the result of limited residual functional capacity. In other words, if Nathan’s residual functional capacity were not sufficient to allow him to return to his job, or to find a new job, then he might be approved for SSDI benefits.

The analysis of residual functional capacity can be complicated, particularly if an applicant has more than one disability or medical condition. Unfortunately, DDS denies applications more often than it approves them. If you have questions about applying for SSDI or SSI benefits, or if your application has been denied and you want to appeal, then you should speak with an attorney who specializes in Social Security issues.  If you would like more information or have been wrongfully denied Social Security Benefits then call the Law Offices of John T. Nicholson at 1-800-596-1533 or complete our online free consultation form.

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The Social Security Administration runs two programs that provide disability benefits: Social Security Disability Insurance (“SSDI”) and Supplemental Security Income (“SSI”). SSDI pays disability benefits to “insured workers.” An “insured worker,” for purposes of SSDI, is someone who pays FICA taxes (“FICA” stands for “Federal Insurance Contributions Act”). SSDI also pays benefits for the disabled children of insured workers, so long as the children became disabled before they reached the age of 22, as well as to the disabled surviving spouses of deceased insured workers.

SSI, on the other hand, pays benefits to disabled adults and children who have little or no income, or other financial resources. The program also provides benefits to adults without disabilities who are age 65 or older and whose financial means fall within the applicable limits.

As an example, suppose that Edith Keeler, who rents an apartment in Springfield, Ohio, is 45 years old, is unmarried and has liver cancer. Her medical condition has forced her to stop working, leaving her with no income.

Edith decides to apply for disability benefits. She visits a Social Security Administration field office and submits an application. An examiner reviews her application and then forwards it to Disability Determination Services (“DDS”). DDS, a network of local Social Security Administration field offices and state agencies, is responsible for determining whether an applicant for disability benefits has a disability that qualifies under the applicable rules. In Edith’s case, DDS determines that she is disabled. Therefore, she is eligible to receive SSDI benefits.

In order to be eligible to receive SSI benefits, Edith’s financial resources and monthly income—including her SSDI benefits—must be less than the corresponding amounts established under the Social Security Administration’s guidelines. All of the property that Edith owns (for example, bank accounts, cars, cash, real estate, and stocks and bonds) constitutes her “resources.” Edith rents her apartment and does not own any real estate, nor does she own any stocks or bonds. She does own one car worth $1,500.00, and she has $250.00 in a checking account. Edith otherwise owns no property. She also has no income because she is unemployed as the result of her medical condition.

Currently, the limit on the value of a single applicant’s resources (property, in plain language) is $2,000.00. Some resources, however, are exempt and do not count towards this limit. Among other things, an applicant can exempt one house and one car. Accordingly, Edith has resources worth only a total of $250.00 (the balance in her checking account) because her car is exempt.

With respect to the monthly income limit, the Social Security Administration uses a formula to determine eligibility. The value of Edith’s resources is under the limit, and because Edith has no income, she would probably be eligible to receive SSI benefits.

Given that Edith is disabled for purposes of SSDI, and given that her financial resources and income are under the limits applicable to SSI, Edith is eligible to receive both SSDI benefits and SSI benefits. The total amount of Edith’s monthly benefit, however, cannot be more than the maximum possible benefit that she would receive from SSI alone. For 2011, the maximum monthly SSI benefit for a single recipient is $674.00.

In other words, were Edith to receive $600.00 per month in SSDI benefits, then her total monthly benefit would still be $674.00, which would consist of $600.00 per month from SSDI and $74.00 per month from SSI. Were Edith eligible to receive $700.00 per month from SSDI, then she would not be eligible to receive any SSI benefits.

ssi payment amount Applying for either of these programs can be complicated, and qualifying is often difficult. The examples above have been simplified and are offered only to give a very basic understanding of SSDI and SSI. In fact, a significant percentage of applications in Ohio are initially denied by the Social Security Administration. When an application is denied, however, the applicant has the right to appeal. If you would like more information or have been wrongfully denied Social Security Benefits then call the Law Offices of John T. Nicholson at 1-800-596-1533 or complete our online free consultation form.

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Lately, a number of my clients have asked me whether they can receive early retirement benefits from Social Security and, at the same time, also receive Social Security Disability Insurance (“SSDI”) benefits. Believe it or not, the answer is “yes” in many cases.

Suppose that Susan B. Anthony, who is currently 62 years old and lives in Troy, Ohio, worked for 30 years at the Spacely Sprockets factory in Wilmington. She has leukemia, and as a result of her condition, she had to stop working on June 1, 2010. At that time, she did not apply for SSDI benefits. Now that she has reached age 62, she would like to begin drawing early retirement benefits from Social Security. She also wants to apply for SSDI benefits.

Normally, were Susan to elect to draw early retirement benefits, the amount she would receive would be reduced by 25% compared to drawing benefits at full retirement age. For example, if Susan would have received a monthly retirement benefit of $1,000.00 had she retired at age 66 (the full retirement age for someone born in 1949), then her monthly early retirement benefit would be $750.00. If she were married, then her spouse’s benefit would be reduced by 30%. Furthermore, Susan’s monthly benefit would not increase once she reached full retirement age—the 25% reduction would be permanent.

In Susan’s case, however, she stopped working as the result of her disability. Because her disability forced her to stop working before she reached full retirement age (again, Susan is currently 62; her full retirement age would have been 66), Susan could effectively receive her full retirement benefit if her application for SSDI benefits is approved.

Assume that Susan began drawing her early retirement benefits shortly after her 62nd birthday, which was July 1, 2011. She then applied for SSDI benefits. On her application, she listed June 1, 2010, as the date on which her disability began. A decision on an application for SSDI benefits usually takes several months, and can sometimes take longer. Suppose, therefore, that the Social Security Administration approves Susan’s application for SSDI benefits on December 1, 2011, and that it determines that Susan’s disability began on June 1, 2010.

In this scenario, Susan would be paid her SSDI benefits retroactively from January, 2011, through July, 2011—when she started receiving her early retirement benefits. Then, for August, 2011, through December, 2011, Susan would be paid the difference between her early retirement benefit, which she already received, and her full retirement benefit. From December, 2011, onward, Susan would receive SSDI payments in the amount of her full, monthly retirement benefit. Effectively, because Susan’s early retirement was the product of her disability, the Social Security Administration treats her as if she had stopped working at her full retirement age.

Keep in mind that the foregoing example only applies when the Social Security Administration approves an application for SSDI benefits. For instance, had her application for SSDI benefits had been denied, Susan would have received only her reduced, early retirement benefit.

In addition, the amount of Susan’s monthly benefit would also have been different had the Social Security Administration determined that her disability began on a later date. Had the Social Security Administration determined that Susan’s disability began on September 1, 2011, then Susan would be treated as if she retired two months early (i.e. full retirement age less, less two months). In other words, if the date on which Susan’s disability officially began (as determined by the Social Security Administration) came before the date on which she stopped working, then she would be treated as if she had stopped working at her full retirement age. On the other hand, if the date on which her disability officially began came after the date on which she stopped working, then she would be treated as if she had retired early.

Drawing Social Security early retirement benefits and receiving SSDI benefits at the same time is possible. For some, this is the best option. For others, waiting until full retirement age to begin drawing benefits is the best option. If you have questions about early retirement and SSDI benefits please contact the Law Offices of John T. Nicholson at 1-800-596-1533 for a free consultation.

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Many parents and guardians with children under the age of 18 wonder whether their children could qualify for Social Security disability benefits.  Disabled children under the age of 18 can qualify for benefits under the Supplemental Security Income (“SSI”) program, which is administered by the Social Security Administration, depending on the nature of their disabilities, on their income, and on the resources available to them.

According to 42 U.S.C. § 1382c(a)(3)(C)(i), a child under the age of 18 is disabled if the child “has a medically determinable physical or mental impairment, which results in marked and severe functional limitations, and which can be expected to result in death or which has lasted or can be expected to last for a continuous period of not less than 12 months.”  In simpler language, a “disability” for purposes of SSI benefits must be a very serious medical condition that will last for at least one year.  For example, a child who suffers from partial or total paralysis, or from mental retardation, could qualify for SSI benefits.  A child with a broken leg, however, would likely not qualify.

In addition to satisfying the definition of “disabled,” a child may not earn more than a certain amount from employment.  42 U.S.C. § 1382c(a)(3)(C)(ii) states that a child under the age of 18 who “engages in substantial gainful activity” does not satisfy the definition of “disabled.”  This means that a child who is employed and who earns more than $1,000.00 per month from employment would not qualify for SSI benefits in 2011 (the limit on a child’s total monthly income changes every year).  At the same time, a child who is unemployed, or who is employed but earns less than $1,000.00 per month, could qualify.

Further, a determination of a child’s eligibility for SSI benefits also involves the income of the child’s parents or guardians.  This part of the eligibility determination can be relatively complicated, but in short, a child whose parents or guardians could be described as among the working poor would probably qualify, whereas a child whose parents could be described as among the middle or upper class would probably not qualify (or would qualify for only minimal benefits).

Normally, a determination of eligibility can take three to five months.  Children with certain conditions, however, can qualify for immediate benefit payments while the determination is pending.  Examples of conditions that would qualify a child to receive immediate payments include cerebral palsy, Down syndrome, HIV infection, muscular dystrophy, total blindness and total deafness.

Although the Social Security Administration publishes a number of self-help guides regarding the eligibility of children for SSI benefits, the process of applying for SSI benefits can be complex.  If you have questions about whether your child could be eligible to receive benefits, then you should consider a free consultation with an attorney focusing in Social Security law.

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In most circumstances, the Automatic Stay will keep educational loan creditors from contacting you the entire time that the bankruptcy case is pending.  In Chapter 13 bankruptcies, that period could be as long as 5 years.  In that sense, student loans are treated like all other unsecured debts.  However, whether student loans are discharged at the end of the bankruptcy is a more complicated issue.

It is very difficult, but not impossible, to discharge student loans in bankruptcy.  In order to discharge your student loans in a Chapter 7 bankruptcy or a Chapter 13 bankruptcy, you will need to convince the Bankruptcy Court that repayment of the student loans “will impose an undue hardship on you and your dependents.”

Different federal districts have different tests that they use to determine what the borrower will need to show in order to prove “undue hardship.”  These different tests and the different courts’ interpretations make it more difficult to discharge student loans in some districts.  Student loan discharge in Dayton, Ohio, is very difficult.

In order to discharge the student debt, you will need to file what is called an adversary proceeding.  The issue will be litigated in the bankruptcy court, costing time and money.  Most bankruptcy attorneys offer free consultations, where you can get more information about the treatment of your student loans in bankruptcy.

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Lets take the following hypothetical situation:

Ryan and Lauren are married but soon to be divorced.  Ryan is planning on moving from the marital residence in Miamisburg, Ohio, to Tennessee with his new girlfriend Jennifer.  Lauren has already moved to Kettering, Ohio.  Can they file a joint bankruptcy together in Dayton?  Would it be better to wait and file their bankruptcy after the divorce is final?

Divorces breed bankruptcies.  During the marriage there was one household with one set of expenses.  Once one spouse moves out, there become two households and two sets of expenses, and divorce litigation can be very costly.  Filing bankruptcy is often the only solution for people getting divorced.  But how does separation and divorce affect a Chapter 7 bankruptcy or a Chapter 13 bankruptcy?

Ryan and Lauren can file a joint petition at any time during their marriage, even if they are maintaining separate residences.  Filing joint bankruptcy is cheaper because saves the additional filing fee.  However, most bankruptcy attorneys will not advise filing a Chapter 13 bankruptcy in anticipation of a divorce.  Chapter 13 bankruptcies require that the debtors make monthly payments for 36 or 60 months.  This is impractical to do if the individuals involved will no longer be married.

The timing of the two separate cases in Ohio is also important.  Filing either a Chapter 7 bankruptcy or a Chapter 13 bankruptcy will stall any existing divorce proceedings.  The bankruptcy court issues what is called an Automatic Stay at the beginning of the bankruptcy that prohibits anyone from taking action on any debts.  Therefore, the divorce court cannot divide the debts of the spouses until the divorce case is final or a Relief From Stay is obtained from the bankruptcy court.  It is often considered preferable to file the joint Chapter 7 bankruptcy a couple of weeks before filing the divorce case, as the Chapter 7 bankruptcy does not generally take as long as a contested divorce.

A skilled bankruptcy attorney will be able to answer all of your questions about filing bankruptcy in the context of a divorce or separation.  Many Dayton-Springfield area attorneys offer free bankruptcy consultation.

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Many of our clients are currently receiving benefits from the Social Security Administration because they are permanently disabled.  So, what if  Social Security attorney, John T. Nicholson in Centerville, Ohio, won your Social Security Appeal in downtown Dayton, Ohio, and you got more money than you should have?  That is called an overpayment, and the government may attempt to collect it.

Filing for Chapter 7 bankruptcy or Chapter 13 bankruptcy will discharge your obligation to repay the government.  The overpayment is treated the same as all other general unsecured debts.

There are some exceptions.  You cannot discharge an obligation to repay fraudulently obtained benefits.

This is the same rule with most forms of government benefit overpayments, like Workers’ Compensation benefits (a.k.a. Workers Comp).  If there was no fraud in obtaining the benefits, then you can file personal bankruptcy to discharge your obligation to repay the overpayment.

Call today for a free consultation (937) 432 – 9775.

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Debbie just moved to Dayton, Ohio, from her hometown, Cincinnati, Ohio.  She is not sure if she wants to stay in Dayton.  She may decide to take a pay-cut and return to Cincinnati, where her house is still located, or she may decide to move on to the booming Springfield, Ohio.  Where can Debbie file her bankruptcy case? 

The U.S. Bankruptcy Code determines the proper venue for filing a Chapter 7 bankruptcy and a Chapter 13 bankruptcy in Ohio.  Specifically, it states that you can file your bankruptcy petition in the federal district in which you have been domiciled for the majority of the last 180 days, or where you have owned a principal asset for 180 days.

So, what does this mean for Debbie?  Debbie can file her bankruptcy case in Dayton, Ohio, as long as she waits 91 days.  Debbie may also file her bankruptcy in Cincinnati, Ohio, so long as (1) she has been in Dayton for less than 90 days, (2) she plans to move to Springfield, Ohio, to take that lucrative job opportunity, or (3) just because her house, a principal asset, is located in Cincinnati, Ohio.

Can Debbie file in Springfield, Ohio, before she even moves there?  Actually, Springfield is in the same federal bankruptcy court district as Dayton.  So, if Debbie can file in Dayton, Ohio, then she can certainly file in Springfield, Ohio.  In fact Russ B. Cope and John T. Nicholson have an office location just one door down from the Springfield Bankruptcy Court.

If Debbie filed a Chapter 7 Bankruptcy while domiciled in Springfield, Ohio, then she would go to her Meeting of Creditors at the Springfield Post Office, located at 150 N. Limestone, Springfield, Ohio 45501.

For more information about where you can file your Chapter 7 Bankruptcy or Chapter 13 Bankruptcy, we would be happy to sit down with you for a free consultation.

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You can file for personal bankruptcy as many times and as often as you would like.  However, the court will not issue a discharge or maintain the Automatic Stay unless you meet the statutory guidelines.

The United States Bankruptcy Code requires that you wait a period of time after filing one bankruptcy before you can file another successful case.  A Chapter 7 bankruptcy can be filed 8 years after a prior Chapter 7 or 6 years after prior Chapter 13.  A Chapter 13 bankruptcy can be filed 4 years after a prior Chapter 7 filing or 2 years after a prior Chapter 13 filing.

These requirements are exact, and they will be very strictly enforced.  If you cannot remember the date of your last filing, we are happy to look it up for you.   Please call today for a free consultation at (937)- 432 – 9775.

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When considering personal bankruptcy, many clients ask, “Will my income tax refund be taken?”

Whether an individual’s income tax refund becomes a part of the bankruptcy estate depends on when the bankruptcy is filed with the United States Bankruptcy Court.  For instance, if an individual files bankruptcy after that individual has both filed and received their income tax refund, it is highly unlikely that their income tax refund will become a part of the bankruptcy estate.  However, if a person files for bankruptcy shortly before or shortly after filing their income tax return, then it is very likely that a person’s income tax refund will become part of the bankruptcy estate.  This is because the person is yet to have received their income tax refund, and that money can be used to pay off the person’s existing creditors.

However, if you happen to file your income tax refund in or around the same time that you file for bankruptcy that does not necessarily mean that your entire income tax refund will become a part of the bankruptcy estate for the distribution to your creditors.  In Ohio, portions of your income tax refund attributed to the Child Tax Credit and the Earned Income Tax Credit cannot become part of the bankruptcy estate. O.R.C. 2329.66(A)(9)(g).  For instance, if you have an income tax refund for $4000, and $2500 is attributed to the Child Tax Credit and the Earned Income Tax Credit, then the most that can become part of the bankruptcy estate is $1500.

It is best to address a qualified bankruptcy attorney with specific questions about the implications of filing for bankruptcy shortly after filing and/or receiving your income tax refund.  Your bankruptcy lawyer can help you determine the timing that will be best for you.  It is important to note, that you should never spend your income tax refund after it has been determined that it will become a part of the bankruptcy estate.  This can result in serious consequences, such as your bankruptcy being denied.

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Chapter 7 bankruptcy is what is called a Liquidation Bankruptcy.  The trustee liquidates all unexempt assets and uses the proceeds to repay whatever possible to your creditors.  However, the Bankruptcy Code allows for generous exemptions.  A skilled bankruptcy attorney will apply these exemptions to your assets and protect them from the bankruptcy trustee.

For instance, each homeowner has a near $20,000 exemption to apply to their primary residences in Springfield, Ohio.  Therefore, if an individual has a home worth $80,000, and the mortgage balance is more than $60,000, then the house would not be liquidated.  If a couple owns a home worth $80,000, and the mortgage balance is more than $40,000, then the house would similarly not be liquidated.

There are exemptions to apply to retirement accounts, automobiles, jewelry, household goods, cash, personal injury claims, trade tools, and many other assets.

Using these exemptions, many Chapter 7 bankruptcies are “no asset” Chapter 7s.  Meaning that no assets are liquidated, and the debtors get to keep every single asset or piece of property that she had prior to filing the bankruptcy.

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However, it is also quite common for both parties to file for Temporary Restraining Orders to restrain the opposing party from doing something while the case is pending.  These restraining orders are actual, binding court orders that restrict the parties from doing certain activities while the case is pending.  Some common temporary restraining orders that our firm might file include:

a.   Restrain the parties from incurring further debt in the other party’s name

b.   Restraining the parties from depreciating assets

c.    Restraining the parties from removing the children from the state of Ohio

d.    Restraining one of the parties from re-entering the marital home, if that party has been voluntarily absent from the home for more than 30 consecutive days.

e.     Restraining the parties from abusing, annoying or harassing the other party

This Ohio divorce fact was brought to you by the Miami-Valley law offices of Morrison & Nicholson.  Author: Charles W. Morrison, Partner at Morrison & Nicholson. Call today to schedule a free consultation with an attorney by calling (937) 432 – 9775.

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If the defendant refuses to sign or otherwise claim the certified mail, the clerk of courts will then notify your attorney that service was not perfected.  The attorney will then ask the clerk to “re-issue” service via regular mail, as Ohio law allows service by regular mail if the certified mail was unclaimed or refused by the defendant.  Service can also be perfected via personal service by the county sheriff or a special process server (although these methods are more expensive than certified mail).  Regardless of how service is ultimately perfected, the court will not schedule the case for a hearing until service has been completed.   Further impacting the scheduling of the case is the court’s own docket.  Logically, if the court has a backed-up docket, your case will be scheduled out further than if the court’s docket is not as crowded.   How quickly you receive a court date cannot be controlled by the attorneys.

Brought to you by the Miami-Valley law offices of Morrison & Nicholson.  Author: Charles W. Morrison, Partner at Morrison & Nicholson. Call today to schedule a free consultation with an attorney by calling (937) 432 – 9775.

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YOU WILL NEED TO PROVIDE CERTAIN PERSONAL INFORMATION

Brought to you by the Centerville, Ohio law offices of Morrison & Nicholson.  Call today to schedule a free consultation (937) 432 – 9775.

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Brought to you by the Miami Valley Ohio law offices of Morrison & Nicholson.  Call today to schedule a free consultation (937) 432 – 9775.

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The can be anyone that knows you (friend, mother, brother, sister, etc).  You will need to provide the full name, address and relationship to you of the person that will be your witness.  The person may or may not have to testify about personal matters of your marriage, depending on whether the divorce is “contested” or “uncontested.”

If the case is uncontested and you are seeking a divorce based upon the ground(s) of incompatibility and/or living separate and apart for more than one year, the witness will simply have to testify that you and your spouse are incompatible and/or have been living separate and apart for more than one year.   If the ground(s) for divorce include adultery, extreme cruelty, gross neglect of duty, etc., then obviously the witness will have to testify to more personal marital matters of which they have personal knowledge.

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A contested Divorce is one where the Defendant files an Answer to the complaint for divorce.  The Defendant could also file a counterclaim for divorce along with the Answer.   An uncontested divorce is one where the Defendant does not file an Answer to the Complaint or enter an appearance in the case at all.  If the case is uncontested, you will only need to appear in court one time for the final “merits” hearing or “final trial.” 

If the Defendant files an Answer to the Complaint (or Answer and Counterclaim) and the matter becomes contested, the case will be moved to the “contested docket” and there will now be multiple court appearances.  The court will schedule (1) a pre-trial at the court and (2) the final trial.

The pre-trial is where both parties and their respective counsel meet with the judge in his or her chambers in order to discuss the particulars of the case (what is being disputed, what the parties are in agreement as to, whether the case is likely to settle, what issues will be litigated, etc.).   The pre-trial is not conducted in the courtroom or on the record, but is more of an informal meeting.

After the pre-trial is concluded, the parties will usually continue to negotiate a settlement of the case, often based upon feedback from the judge as to how to resolve the remaining disputed matters.  If the parties do come to an agreement as to all issues, the final trial will consist simply of the parties agreeing on the record that the court has jurisdiction and that each voluntarily entered into the proposed agreement, that each find it fair and equitable, and that each is requesting the court adopt the agreement as part of the final decree of divorce.

If the parties are unable to reach an agreement as to all issues (say, for instance, the parties cannot agree on child custody or the amount and duration of spousal support) then all remaining disputed issues will have to be litigated at the final trial.  Both parties will be able to call witnesses and introduce other forms of evidence, such as school records, medical records, etc. in an effort to prove he or she should prevail on the disputed issue(s).  Divorce trials are normally scheduled for an entire day, but depending on how much testimony will be taken on the record, the case could last for several days.

Brought to you by the Miami Valley Ohio law offices of Morrison & Nicholson.  Call today to schedule a free consultation (937) 432 – 9775.

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Prior to the Divorce Process

If the two parents are still married and there has not been a complaint for divorce filed in any court of this state, Ohio law states that parents stand on equal footing as to custody of the children, and that both parents are considered the residential and legal custodian of the children.  This means that yes, technically, there is no crime involved for taking the children and moving to another state.  As a legal custodian, the parent that wants to move certainly can determine where and with whom the child shall reside.

However, it should be noted that while a parent that is the legal custodian of the children can move and relocate with his or her children, this fact may in fact impact a court’s later determination on how to allocate parental rights and responsibilities (custody and parenting time/visitation).  Some of the factors that a court is to consider is whether a parent is or is planning to establish a residence outside of Ohio, whether a parent is more likely than the other to facilitate and promote visitation, and finally, whether the other parent has been guilty of parental kidnapping.  Please note that although no criminal charges will follow, taking the children out of state may be considered “parental kidnapping.”

During the Divorce Process

When the parents are not yet divorced, but a complaint for divorce has actually been filed in an Ohio court, there still has not been a FINAL allocation of parental rights and responsibilities.   However, unless the parents are still residing in the same household, the Court will issue temporary orders as to custody and visitation.  The Court will normally award one parent the interim temporary custody of the children during the pendency of the case.  If the parent that was not designated as the temporary custodian takes the children, then that parent will be guilty of contempt of court for violating a valid court order.

Furthermore, it is very common and routine for both parents to seek and obtain temporary restraining orders during the pendency of the case.  Normally these restraining orders prohibit a parent from removing the children from the state of Ohio, except for vacations of 14 days or less.  Again, if the non-residential (temporary) custodian removes the children to another state, that parent will be in violation of a valid court order.

If a parent believes it is necessary to move to another state, that parent will have to file a motion requesting the court allow that parent to do so.

Again, this is a very brief sketch as to this subject and it cannot be urged strongly enough that any parent that wants to move out of Ohio consult an attorney to ensure that it will not negatively impact that parent’s case for custody or subject him or her to civil or criminal penalties.

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Four years after the mother was designated the residential parent of both children, the father filed a motion to modify the allocation of parental rights and responsibilities.  The common pleas trial Court granted the father’s motion and awarded him custody.  The appellate court held that the common pleas court did not err in finding that a change of circumstances occurred as there was evidence that, as a collateral result of the mother’s relationship with her same-sex partner, both children had experienced personality disorders, and therefore, modification of custody was in the children’s best interest. The court determined that the adverse collateral effects of the mother’s relationship with her partner and the partner’s role in the children’s lives showed little room for improvement in the future.

While the Court was careful to say that it was not basing its decision on the simple fact that the mother was a lesbian, but rather the collateral affects that her relationship had on the children, it should give pause to the gay and lesbian couples fighting for custody.  This is something to keep an eye on in the future as more and more gay and lesbian couples fight for custody of one of the partner’s minor children.

Content brought to you by the law firm of Morrison & Nicholson

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In the first installment of what is planned to be a series on dividing retirement / pension benefits during a divorce settlement, we look briefly at the common questions of dividing retirement and pension plans between spouses.  The parties’ retirement benefits is an important consideration when equitably dividing marital property, because, like the marital residence, retirement benefits are often the largest asset or assets of the parties. Therefore, dividing these plans or funds becomes enormously important.  So, let’s now address some common questions.

Is my retirement / pension considered marital property?

As the intro gave away: yes.  Just as with any other asset of value that is acquired during the marriage, generally, retirement benefits accrued during the marriage are considered to be  “marital assets” and must be divided equally between the parties.  If a spouse is working during the marriage and this results in the accrual of retirement benefits, the law sees it as if the non-working spouse contributed equally to the creation of those benefits.

This frequently makes it difficult for a court to carry out its statutory mandate of dividing all marital property equally.  Technically, the non-working spouse is entitled to at least a portion of the employed-spouse’s pension fund (as marital property), but the money may not be easily accessible at the time of divorce.  Because courts like to maximize the value of all retirement and pension funds, it is normally preferable to avoid causing the withdrawal of the accrued monies, and leave the fund growing in the name of the working spouse.   Fees, penalties and taxes can often destroy a pension that is withdrawn when it is not fully matured.  But, the problem is that sometimes there simply isn’t other marital property to award to the other (non-earning) spouse at the time of the divorce that will adequately compensate that spouse for his or her rightful portion of a retirement fund.  For this reason, valuing and dividing retirement benefits should be one of the first issues contemplated by a divorcing party.

Is it true that my spouse is entitled to half of my pension?

No. Not always.  Only the portion of the retirement fund that was contributed to or earned during the marriage is considered “marital property” and subject to division between the parties.  The portion of the retirement fund that was earned by the working spouse while unmarried is considered that party’s separate property and the other spouse has no interest in that money. Therefore, the first step is to determine what portion of the retirement fund is marital and what portion is separate property.

How do you value the portion of the retirement fund that is considered “marital”?

In determining the portion of a pension or retirement plan that is considered a “marital asset” and subject to division between the parties, the court should calculate the ratio of the number of years the employed-spouse worked during the marriage to the total number of years he or she worked at the qualifying employment to earn the pension.  Only the portion of the pension that was earned during the marriage is a marital asset, and the spouse of the employee is only entitled to a proportionate share of the marital asset.

Example – Employed spouse works 25 years to earn a vested pension of $100,000.  10 of these years were worked during the marriage. This equates to a 40% ratio, and only $40,000 of the pension is a martial asset. Because the division of marital property always begins with an equal division, the non-employed spouse would typically be entitled to $20,000 in this scenario.

Now, assuming the court doesn’t want to destroy the fund if it would be better for the employed spouse to contribute for 30 years, you see where it could be difficult to off-set this amount with other marital property? How many couples have $20,000 (in liquid form, moreover) lying around to award the other spouse his or her fair share of this fund at the point of divorce?

Are Social Security Benefits Divided?

No.  Not directly, anyway. Social security retirement benefits are not considered marital assets to be divided when a couple divorces.  A court cannot distribute a portion of one spouse’s SS benefits to the other spouse directly.  However, the court does consider the SS benefits when making an equitable division of retirement benefits overall – See Smith v. Smith (1993, Franklin Co) 632 N.E.2d 555 (“while not divisible as a marital asset, SS benefits must be considered when equitably dividing pension benefits”).

Are State and federal retirement plans treated differently?

Yes. The law related to state and federal retirement plans will be the subject of a later post.  There are specific rules that govern certain public-forms of pensions, such as military pensions, State pension plans (e.g., PERS) and deferred compensation plans.  Those forms of retirement benefits are impacted by specific federal and state statutes that must be consulted where applicable.

Brought to you by the Miami Valley Ohio law offices of Morrison & Nicholson.  Call today to schedule a consultation (937) 432 – 9775.

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So, what are legally sufficient grounds in Ohio? Generally, any of the following will suffice:

1. Either party entering into a bigamous marriage

2. Willful absence of the adverse party for one year

3. Adultery (obviously!)

4. Extreme cruelty (carefully defined under statute)

5. Fraudulent contract (marriage is a contract, after all)

6. Any gross neglect of marital duty

7. Habitual drunkenness

8. Imprisonment of the adverse party in a state or federal prison when the petition is filed with the Court

9. Procurement of a divorce outside Ohio, by a husband or wife, by virtue of which the party who procured it is released from the obligations of the marriage, while such obligations remain binding upon the other party

10. On the application of either party, when husband and wife have, without interruption for one year, lived separate and apart without cohabitation

So there you go, now you know that “he is a jerk” will not suffice as legally sufficient grounds to state in your complaint. You must plead and prove one of statutorily enumerated grounds established by the Ohio Legislature to obtain a divorce.

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This does not mean that the parents wishes control the Court’s decision, but that if the parents feel strongly against visitation, the court must consider that fact.  But even if the residential parent does not want to allow the visitation, the Court can , and often does, grant the visitation if it is in the best interest of the child.  There are specific stautory provisions that cover the visitation rights of grandparents in Ohio, so you should seek the advice of counsel to determine if your case is worth pursuing.

Brought to you by the Ohio law offices of Morrison & Nicholson.  Call today for a free consultation (937) 432 – 9775.

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Q 1. What does it cost to hire an attorney for my SSD / SSI claim?

A 1. Nothing. Our firm does all SSD cases on a contingency basis. We take a percentage or pre-determined amount (determined under Statutes) of the back-pay you are awarded. If you are not granted SSD benefits, then we do not collect anything.

Q 2. Is there a difference between SSD and SSI benefits?

A 2. Yes. SSI is usually reserved for those individuals with very low incomes, and/or those that have not worked long enough in order to earn SSD benefits.

Q 3. How do I prove SSD eligibility if I do not have the money to visit a doctor?

A 3. This is one of the hardest issues for SSD applicants. On the one hand they are not working because they are disabled, and therefore, they do not have health insurance that allows them to visit a doctor. On the other hand, it is harder to prove SSD eligibility without documentation from treating physicians. Those that believe that they are eligible for SSD benefits ought to see a doctor as much as they can in order to build the strongest case. However, if you previously worked and had health insurance which allowed you to visit a doctor, we can use those records to prove your case. Check with our office and we will help determine the best course of action you should take.

Q 4. How long does it take to start receiving my benefits?

A 4. This is the hardest part for many applicants to understand. The SS offices are very overworked and any given case can take 1-2 years. However, if you never start the process, you will never receive benefits. it is better to get benefits in 1-2 years than not at all. You need to come into our office ASAP so that we can begin the process on your behalf.

Q 5. Do I have to be completely disabled in order to receive SSD benefits? NO and YES. No, you do not have to be completely disabled in the ordinary sense of that word. Meaning, you do not have to be bed-ridden or need round-the-clock assistance. However, you need to be completely disabled as that term is used in the federal Statutes. The definition in the federal statutes is much more broad and the vast majority of the people who can do normal daily activities are eligible for SSD benefits.

We hope this answers some basic questions for now. We will post more common questions and answers in the near future.  Feel free to contact us through the online contact form or call our office at 937-432-9775 for an appointment to discuss your claim.

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